1.2.4. Modern cartography

18. and 19. century

Since mid-18th century detailed mapping of individual countries based on geodetic principles (France, Germany, England, Austro-Hungarian Empire). Representation of land relief is improved: J.G. Lehmann (1799) – hachures (contours are introduced later).

Specialized maps are created and large atlases are published: Stieler, Berghaus, Andrees (physical geography), Philipp van der Maelen – six volumes of „Atlas Universal“ – 400 maps in scale 1:1 641 836 describing the entire world. Rapid development of mathematical cartography. Map of France „Carte de France d´Etat-Major“ in scale 1:80 000 is considered the first work of modern cartography. Max Eckert (1868-1938) publishes a study on its theoretical and philosophical basis. Cartography is divided into practical and theoretical.

20. century

In the 20th century, there are attempts to create a uniform map of the entire world (the first sheet in scale 1:1 000 000 is published in 1913). New topographic maps are created in conformal projection. Since the 1950s, mapping is performed with the use of photogrammetric methods. Development of remote sensing, lithography, etc.